# mkstage4

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This is a Bash script which creates “stage 4” tarballs (i.e. system archives) either for the running system, or a system at a specified mount point.
The script was inspired by an earlier [mkstage4 script](https://github.com/gregf/bin/blob/master/mkstage4) by Greg Fitzgerald (unmaintained as of 2012) which itself was a revamped edition of the [original mkstage4](http://blinkeye.ch/dokuwiki/doku.php/projects/mkstage4) by Reto Glauser (unmaintained as of 2009).

## Installation

The script can be run directly from its containing folder (and thus, is installed simply by downloading or cloning it from here - and adding run permissions):

```bash
git clone https://github.com/TheChymera/mkstage4.git /your/mkstage4/directory
cd /your/mkstage4/directory
chmod +x mkstage4.sh exstage4.sh
```

For [Gentoo Linux](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentoo_linux) and [Derivatives](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gentoo_Linux_derivatives), mkstage4 is also available in [Portage](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(software)) via the base Gentoo overlay.
On any Gentoo system, just run the following command:

```bash
emerge app-backup/mkstage4
```

## Usage

*If you are running the script from the containing folder (first install method) please make sure you use the e.g. `./mkstage4.sh` command instead of just `mkstage4`!*

Note that the extension (e.g. `.tar.xz`) will be automatically appended to the `archive_name` string which you specify in calling the `mkstage4` command.
This is done based on the compression type, which can be specifiled via the `-C` parameter, if another compression than the default (`bz2`, creating files ending in `.tar.bz2`) is desired.

### Examples

Archive your current system (mounted at /):

```bash
mkstage4 -s archive_name
```

Archive a system located at a custom mount point:

```bash
mkstage4 -t /custom/mount/point archive_name
```

### Command line arguments

```console
Usage:
	mkstage4.sh [-b -c -k -l -q] [-C <compression-type>] [-s || -t <target-mountpoint>] [-e <additional excludes dir*>] [-i <additional include target>] <archive-filename> [custom-tar-options]
	-b: excludes boot directory.
	-c: excludes some confidential files (currently only .bash_history and connman network lists).
	-k: separately save current kernel modules and src (creates smaller archives and saves decompression time).
	-l: excludes lost+found directory.
	-q: activates quiet mode (no confirmation).
	-C: specify tar compression (default: bz2, available: lz4 xz bz2 zst gz).
	-s: makes tarball of current system.
	-t: makes tarball of system located at the <target-mountpoint>.
	-e: an additional excludes directory (one dir one -e, donot use it with *).
	-i: an additional target to include. This has higher precedence than -e, -t, and -s.
	-h: displays help message.
```

## System Tarball Extraction

### Automatic (Multi-threaded)

We provide a script for convenient extraction, `exstage4`, which is shipped with this package.
Currently it simply automates the Multi-threaded extraction selection listed below and otherwise has no functionality except checking that the file name looks sane.
If in doubt, use one of the explicit extraction methods described below.

### Explicit Single-threaded

Tarballs created with mkstage4 can be extracted with:

To preserve binary attributes and use numeric owner identifiers (considered good practice on Gentoo), you can simply append the relevant flags to the respective `tar` commands, e.g.:

```bash
tar xvjpf archive_name.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner
```

If you use the `-k` option, extract the `src` and modules archives separately:

```bash
tar xvjpf archive_name.tar.bz2.kmod
tar xvjpf archive_name.tar.bz2.ksrc
```

### Explicit Multi-threaded

If you have a parallel de/compressor installed, you can extract the archive with one of the respective commands:

#### `pbzip2`

```bash
tar -I pbzip2 -xvf archive_name.tar.bz2 --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner
```

#### `xz`

```bash
tar -I 'xz -T0' -xvf archive_name.tar.xz --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner
```

#### `gzip`

Similarly to other compressors, `gzip` uses a separate binary for parallel decompression:

```bash
tar -I unpigz -xvf archive_name.tar.gz --xattrs-include='*.*' --numeric-owner
```

## Dependencies

*Please note that these are very basic dependencies and should already be included in any Linux system.*

* **[Bash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell))** - in [Portage](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage_(software)) as **[app-shells/bash](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-shells/bash)**
* **[tar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar_(computing))** - in Portage as **[app-arch/tar](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/tar)**
* **[bzip2](https://gitlab.com/federicomenaquintero/bzip2)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/bzip2](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/bzip2)** (single thread, default compression)


**Optionals**:
*If one the following is installed the archive will be compressed using multiple parallel threads when available, in order of succession:*

* `-C xz`:
  * **[xz](https://tukaani.org/xz/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/xz](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/xz-utils)**, (parallel)
  * **[pixz](https://github.com/vasi/pixz)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/pixz](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/pixz)**, (parallel, indexed)

* `-C bz2`:
  * **[pbzip2](https://launchpad.net/pbzip2/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/pbzip2](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/pbzip2)**, (parallel)
  * **[lbzip2](https://github.com/kjn/lbzip2/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/lbzip2](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/lbzip2)**, (parallel, faster and more efficient)

* `-C gz`:
  * **[gzip](https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/gzip](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/gzip)**, (single thread)
  * **[pigz](https://www.zlib.net/pigz/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/pigz](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/pigz)**, (parallel)

* `-C lrz`:
  * **[lrzip](https://github.com/ckolivas/lrzip/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/lrzip](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/lrzip)**, (parallel)

* `-C lz`:
  * **[lzip](https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/lzip](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/lzip)**, (single thread)
  * **[plzip](https://www.nongnu.org/lzip/plzip.html)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/plzip](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/plzip)**, (parallel)

* `-C lz4`:
  * **[lz4](https://github.com/lz4/lz4)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/lz4](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/lz4)**, (parallel)

* `-C lzo`:
  * **[lzop](https://www.lzop.org/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/lzop](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/lzop)**, (parallel)

* `-C zstd`:
  * **[zstd](https://facebook.github.io/zstd/)** - in Portage as **[app-arch/zstd](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/app-arch/zstd)**, (parallel)